Fight Hollywood’s Bigots for the Left, contribute to the 
Center For Asian American Media: www.asianamericanmedia.org

"Kung Fu"
Conceived by Bruce Lee, but they cast a Caucasian in the lead role.
Producers: Jerry Thorpe, Alex Beaton
Director: Jerry Thorpe
Casting: Lynn Stalmaster

“Romeo Must Die”
    Based on Romeo and Juliet, but they changed the ending so that the 
Asian “Romeo” (Jet Li) does not kiss “Juliet” (Aaliyah Haughton)
Bigots for the Left:
Warner Brothers Pictures: 
    - Barry M. Meyer, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer,
    - Alan F. Horn, President & Chief Operating Officer
    - Ed Romano, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Silver Pictures: Joel Silver
    - Executive Producer: Dan Cracchiolo
    - Producer: Joel Silver
    - Producer: Jim Van Wyck
    - Co-producer: Warren Carr
    - Associate producer: Mitchell Kapner
    - Associate producer: Ilyse A. Reutlinger  


“21"
    Even though most of the actual blackjack team was composed of Asian American male MIT students, a studio executive involved in the casting process said that most of the film's actors would be white, with perhaps an Asian female.  In real life, most of the blackjack team was Asian Americans.
    Bigots for the Left:
    - Executive producers: William S. Beasley, Ryan Kavanaugh, Brett Ratner
    - Producers: Dana Brunetti, Michael De Luca, Kevin Spacey
    - Casting: Francine Maisler   
3/2508 www.angryasianman.com: “racist casting and 21,”
    There's been a lot of chatter and gripes lately about the movie 21, which opens in theaters nationwide this Friday. Longtime readers know  that this movie has been on our radar for several years, ever since it was announced that Sony had the film in development, with Kevin Spacey attached to the project. Based on the bestselling book Bringing Down the House by Ben Mezrich, it tells the story of how a team of gifted blackjack players from MIT developed a highly successful card-counting system and took Las Vegas casinos for millions. Based on a true story, it's a great premise, and the perfect idea for a big budget Hollywood movie. Right? Not exactly.
    You see, in real life, the blackjack team was a group mostly made up of Asian American students. This was actually advantageous to their strategy, as it happens, because Asian dudes winning big money at the casinos apparently aren't quite as conspicuous as white dudes who win big at the casinos. That's just the way it is. Anyway. As we all know, Hollywood studios seem to have a great of resistance to creating interesting, fully-fleshed, three-dimensional roles for Asian American actors. They seem to think we can't carry a movie, and more often than not, will instead create roles and stories for pretty white people instead. I know this, you know this, we all know this. Hell, they know this.
    Case in point, 21. Except here, we actually have a true story that involved real living, breathing Asian Americans, who have been magically switched out on celluloid into-you guessed it-pretty white people. Namely, Kate Bosworth and Jim Sturgess. This has pretty much been the plan since the beginning, and now, the movie finally hits movie screens this week. Business as usual.  That's racist!
    AICN has an  interview with Jeff Ma (www.aintitcool.com/node/36103) the guy who Sturgess' character is based on. He doesn't seem to mind that they've changed his character's ethnicity... I guess he's entitled to that.  It still doesn't change the fact that this movie was born out of the stereotypical Hollywood casting process. This is from an article on author Ben Mezrich and Bringin Down the House from 2005:http://www-tech.mit.edu/V125/N43/43vegas.html
    This view is brought about in part by Hollywood , with films like "Ocean's Eleven,"in which gambling is made to seem exotic and sexy. Incidentally, Mezrich's "Bringing Down the House" is now being turned into a feature film by Kevin Spacey, who will play the MIT professor who trained the blackjack team described in that book. During the talk, Mezrich mentioned the stereotypical Hollywood casting process--though most of the actual blackjack team was composed of Asian males, a studio executive involved in the casting process said that most of the film's actors would be white, with perhaps an Asian female. Even as Asian actors are entering more mainstream films, such as "Better Luck Tomorrow" and the upcoming "Memoirs of a Geisha," these stereotypes still exist, Mezrich said.
    I must note that the movie's cast includes a couple of Asian American characters, played by Aaron Yoo and Liza Lapira.  They're part of the blackjack team, and do have a (less prominent) place on the movie poster. It counts for something. I really am glad that these two are in the movie, apparently added later to mitigate some of the initial controversy stirred up by this casting nonsense. Sure, it feels like the producers are throwing us a bone. They are. What they're crafting is pure Hollywood falsity. But I'm happy to see that these two rising stars will get due exposure in a high-profile movie a lot of people are going to see.  I'm okay with that. (I might have to take these statements back if/when I actually see them in the movie.)
    Now, there's a pretty vocal anti-21 movement that's been growing over the last few months. This movie has got a lot of people angry. There have even been calls for a an all-out boycott of 21. http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=24381965401
   I'm going to put it out there-I'm not necessarily in favor of a boycott, nor am I against one either. I'm not sure where I stand on that. But I'm certainly in favor of anything that draws attention and educates people on the issues at hand. This is a good one, because it brings scrutiny to the nature of Hollywood 's racist casting processes, with a very obvious, high-profile example. People are interested in this movie, without a lot of background knowledge, but this is an opportunity to create dialogue on a general practice that has systematically shut out Asians in Hollywood for years. I hope it prompts folks understand what's going on here, learn the details for themselves, talk about it, and perhaps approach 21 (and future Hollywood product) with a more discerning eye.


Episode "Now You Know" originally aired September 30, 2007.
Screenwriter: Marc Cherry
Director: Larry Shaw
10/4/07 AFP: “'Desperate' apology over Philippines slur,”
    Manila (AFP) - Makers of hit US television series "Desperate Housewives" have apologised for a slur against Filipino medical workers that caused an uproar in the Southeast Asian country.
    The apology was sent to Philippine broadcaster ABS-CBN's bureau in the United States and aired in the Philippines on Thursday following protests by the Manila government.
    "The producers of 'Desperate Housewives' and ABC Studios offer our sincere apologies for any offense caused by the brief reference in the season premiere,"
cable news channel ANC quoted the statement as saying.
    "There was no intent to disparage the integrity of any aspect of the medical community in the Philippines ," it said.
    The episode showed actress Teri Hatcher, who plays Susan Mayer, asking during a medical consultation to check "those diplomas because I want to make sure that they're not from some med school in the Philippines ."
    The apology was made a day after chief aide to Philippine President Gloria Arroyo said the line of dialogue appeared to be a "racial slur."
    Philippine Senators said the apology was not enough, and urged their Foreign Affairs Department to lodge a formal protest with the US government.
    "I am mortally offended by the statement because it betrayed the racial prejudice and denigrates the excellent performance of world-class Filipino doctors in the US ," said Senator Miriam Santiago, whose sister is a doctor working in Los Angeles .

15% of U.S. physicians and surgeons are Asian American. 
http://www.ameredia.com/demographics/asian_facts.html

But according to Bigots for the Left, Asian American men do not exist.

”General Hospital”  (ABC)  1963 - present

"E.R." (1994 - present) (info current as of Jan. 2006)
In Hollywood, blacks are doctors and Asian American men are nurses (character Yosh Takata played by Gedde Watanabe).  Had an episode in which Asian American man beat his wife.
Producers: 
Penny Adams, Neal Baer, Tommy Burns, Yahlin Chang, Christopher Chulack, Samantha Howard Corbin, Michael Crichton, Carol Flint, R. Scott Gemmill, Lance Gentile, Walon Green, Patrick Harbinson, Julie Hébert, Michael Hissrich, Dee Johnson, Jonathan Kaplan, Mimi Leder, Paul Manning, Bruce Miller, David Mills, Chris Misiano, Robert Nathan, Jack Orman, Tom Park, Joe Sachs, Mike Salamunovich, Teresa Salamunovich, Janine Sherman, Wendy Spence, Steven Spielberg, Meredith Stiehm, Richard Thorpe, Vicki Voltarel, John Wells, Virgil Williams, Lydia Woodward, David Zabel, Lisa Zwerling
Directors
39 episodes: Jonathan Kaplan
34 episodes: Christopher Chulack
25 episodes: Richard Thorpe
11 episodes: Felix Enriquez Alcala
10 episodes: Mimi Leder, Chris Misiano
9 episodes: Lesli Linka Glatter
8 episodes: Laura Innes
6 episodes: Charkes Haid, John Wells
5 episodes: Rod Holcomb, Paul McCrane, David Nutter
4 episodes: Anthony Edwards, Julie Hebert, Nelson McCormick
3 episodes: Paris Barclay, Alan J. Levi, Jack Orman, Thomas Schlamme, Babu Subramaniam
2 episodes: Arthur Albert, Stephen Cragg, Vondie Curtis-Hall, Steve De Jarnatt, Donna Deitch, Ernest R. Dickerson, Lance Gentile, Fred Gerber, Marita Grabiak, James Hayman, Elodie Keene, Ken Kwapis, Darnell Martin, Tom Moore, Gloria Muzio, Peggy Rajski, Jacque E. Toberen
1 episode: Anita W. Addison, Sarah Pia Anderson, Guy Norman Bee, David Chameidies, Fred Einesman, Brett Fallis, Vern Gillum, Davis Guggenheim, Kevin Hooks, Michael Katleman, Barnet Kellman, Eric Laneuville, Perry Lang, Peter Markle, Tawnia McKiernan, Dean Parisot, Whitney Ransick, Daniel Sackheim, Quentin Tarantino, Mark Tinker, Jesus Trevino, Jessica Yu
Writers:
20+ episodes: John Wells, Jack Orman, Lydia Woodward, R. Scott Gemmill 
10+ episodes: David Zabel, Joe Sachs, Dee Johnson, Neal Baer, Carol Flint, Paul Manning
5+ episodes: Samantha Howard Corbin, Lisa Zwerling, Lance Gentile, Meredith Stiehm, Walon Green
1+ episodes: David Mills, Yahlin Chang, Julie Hébert, Bruce Miller, Robert Nathan, Linda Gase, Elizabeth Hunter, Jason Cahill, Patrick Harbinson, Tom Garrigus, Michael Crichton, Tracey Stern, Jacy Young
1 episode: Barbara Hall, Anne Kenney, Sandy Kroopf, Christopher Mack, Mark Morocco, Doug Palau, Janine Sherman, Virgil Williams
1 story: Belinda Casas-Wells, Moreen Littrell

“Medical Center” (CBS) 1969 -1976

”Marcus Welby, M.D.”  (ABC)  1969 - 1976

"Scrubs"  (NBC)   2001 - present

"House, M.D." (Fox)  2004 - present  (info current as of Jan. 2006)
Creator, executive producer, writer: David Shore
Executive producers: Paul Attanasio, Katie Jacobs, Bryan Singer, John Mankiewicz
Producer: Gerrit van der Meer
Supervising producer: Thomas L. Moran, Matt Witten
Consulting producers: Peter Blake, Sara B. Cooper
Directors: Daniel Attias, Paris Barclay, Guy Ferland, Fred Gerber, Keith Gordon, Tim Hunter, Bill Johnson, Frederick King Keller, Nelson McCormick, Peter Medak, Gloria Muzio, Peter O'Fallon, Daniel Sackheim, Deran Sarafian, Newton Thomas Sigel, Bryan Singer, Bryan Spicer, Greg Yaitanes, Randall Zisk
Writers: Peter Blake, Sara B. Cooper, David Foster, Liz Friedman, Russel Friend, Sara Hess, Lawrence Kaplow, Garrett Lerner, John Mankiewicz, Thomas L. Moran, John Anderson Thompson, Matt Witten

??  Had two episodes with Asian American men as physicians and one had a speaking part!  Did have an episode in which Asian American man was mean to his wife
"Grey's Anatomy" (set in Seattle) (ABC)  2005 - present
Creator, Executive Producer, writer: Shonda Rhimes
Executive producers: Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Peter Horton, Jim Parriott
Directors: Peter Horton, John David Coles, Adam Davidson, Mark Tinker, Wendy Stanzler
Writers: Zoanne Clack, M.D.,Ann Hamilton, Kip Koenig, Stacy McKee, James D. Parriott, Mimi Schmir, Gabrielle G. Stanton, Krista Vernoff, Harry Werksman,
Mark Wilding

”Strong Medicine” (Lifetime TV)  2000 - present

”Nip/Tuck”  (F/X)  2003 - present

7/4/06 In These Times: “Perpetuating the Yellow Peril,”
by Lakshmi Chaudhry
    Mako, an actor who has appeared in over 90 feature films, talks about stereotypic portrayals he has had to struggle against.
    At first glance, Jeff Adachi's Slanted Screen is an earnest documentary that covers familiar ground. The shameful depiction of minorities—in this case, Asian-American men—in television and film is hardly news. What makes the movie special, however, is that it offers a rare view of Hollywood from the inside. Apart from the occasional talking head, the interviewees are actors, producers, directors and screenwriters.
    Part of the movie's interest lies in their horror stories, which are likely to make even the most jaded viewer cringe. Producer Terence Chang—whose big-budget credits include Mission Impossible II, Face-Off and Broken Arrow —describes being told to change the race of the white villain in the script for the Chow Yun Fat vehicle, The Replacement Killers , and make him a Chinese druglord instead. The logic: "If the hero is Asian then the bad guys have to be Asian as well." The racism is open and unapologetic.
    As gruesome as such anecdotes may be, Slanted Screen is most compelling
when its subjects explore the conflict between who they are and what they do. It may be hard to watch a repulsive Long Duk Dong slobbering over the girl in Sixteen Candles, but it's harder still to be the guy who plays him: Gedde Watanabe, a Japanese-American actor born and raised in Utah, who put on a fake accent to utter immortal lines, such as "No more yankie my wankie. The Donger need food."
    In the seven-minute short film The Screen Test—which was screened along with
Slanted Screen in San Francisco —actress Judy Lee sums up every Asian actor's moral dilemma: "Our paychecks come from stereotypes." When there are practically no roles for Asians, a script that calls for an "opium den mistress" is a cause for celebration.
    The art of survival lies in enduring what you must, and quietly changing what you
can within Hollywood's stifling parameters. What may look like just another stereotype from the outside may in fact be a serious attempt to challenge industry norms. A good example is what has become Hollywood 's favorite Asian character: the martial arts warrior. Bruce Lee may seem to be just another uni-dimensional macho hero, but his rise marked an epochal shift for Asian Americans, both as actors and as men. After decades of being demonized as sly yet effeminate "yellow peril" in the post-World War II era, Lee represented a positive, vigorous version of masculinity. And it's this consolation that actors like Cary -Hiroyuki Tagawa cling to when they play similar roles in movies like Mortal Kombat, even when they're negative. "If the choice is between playing wimpy business men and the bad guy," Tagawa tells Adachi, "I'd rather play the bad guy. … I want kids to know that Asian men have balls."
   When Hollywood allows Asian leading men to be macho, it rarely gives them the privilege of being "American." "Asian Americans tend to be looked at as perpetual aliens," says author and poet David Mura. "In other words, an Asian-American male can't be seen as representative of all Americans in the way Tom Cruise or Tom Hanks or even Denzel Washington can."
   According to University of Delaware English professor Peter X. Feng, the benefit of safely foreign heroes such as Jet Li or Chow Yun Fat is that "they come to these shores to solve a problem and then they leave. So there is never any question of integrating them into the American body politic." In this sense, Mura argues, Asian- American men are worse off than women, who "are more easily assimilated by the white psyche in part because they are seen as sexually available to white men."  Hence Lucy Liu can be one of Charlie's Angels, but no one would cast, say, Jason Scott Lee in a remake of Starsky and Hutch—though Hollywood execs were only too happy to cast him as an Indian in The Jungle Book .    While there have been exceptions to this depressing norm—Dustin Nguyen as
Officer Harry Ioki in "21 Jump Street" or more recently, Harold and Kumar Go to
White Castle—the predicament facing Asian male actors today is grim compared
to Hollywood's silent era, when Sessue Hayakawa rivaled Douglas Fairbanks,
Charlie Chaplin and John Barrymore in popularity as a leading man. But despite
his Rudolf Valentino-esque persona, even Hayakawa almost never got the girl—
not unless she was played by his own Japanese wife, Aoki. His present-day
counterparts are no better off. Chow Yun Fat never gets to kiss Mira Sorvino in
Replacement Killers, while the creators of Romeo Must Die edited out the sole
kiss between Aaliyah and Jet Li. "To say it doesn't affect us is bullshit," declares
Tagawa, the anguish bubbling to the surface as he exclaims, "We're not eunuchs!"
    The stark contrast between the sexual images of Asian men and women on-
screen follows the dictates of age-old colonialist logic, where the sexual
appropriation of women is accompanied by the emasculation of the men. That
the documentary never includes a discussion of women, or their perspective, is a
glaring omission. The very action hero roles that seem to affirm Asian masculinity
can be deeply problematic from a feminist perspective. Is a Schwarzenegger-like
machismo really the kind of Asian male identity that we want to promote?
   The sexual politics are even more complicated. Take, for example, the
comments of Gene Cajayon, who directed one of the first Filipino-American
movies, The Debut (2000). Cajayon says it was important for him to make his
lead character "someone who is attractive to white girls" so as to establish his
credentials as a bona fide "cool kid." But how subversive is this character if his
masculinity requires a white seal of sexual approval and treats white women as
mere markers of his prowess?
   A more compassionate interpretation of this desire is to see it instead as a
hunger to be seen as sexual, period. That it entails white affirmation is merely a
sad acknowledgement of the requirements of the broader culture we live in. "It
seems to me unfair to question the desire of Asian-American men to feel
sexually attractive," says Mura. "If an African-American man were to say, for
instance, that he wanted to be appreciated for his intelligence and not just
stereotyped for sexual or athletic prowess, would we say he was succumbing to
a trap which defined real male worth by intelligence?"
   Mura argues that Asian men "desire a complete picture of ourselves and to
be valued as complete individuals. We desire respect in those areas where we
feel we are disrespected. We don't get to pick and choose where those areas
are." But we are more likely to see a more "complete" picture of Asian men if
we portray them as they are rather than as ethnic versions of Hollywood
gender-laden fantasies of manhood that haven't served white men well. In fact,
those kind of movies will be just as valuable for the rest of us, male or female,
Asian or otherwise.
    Lakshmi Chaudhry has been a reporter and an editor for independent
publications for more than six years, and is a senior editor at In These Times,
where she covers the cross-section of culture and politics.

6/5/07 Miami Herald (Los Angeles Times Service): “White male writers dominate Hollywood film, television jobs: The earnings gap between minorities and white males working in film and television has steadily widened, according to a Writers Guild study,”
by Richard Verrier
    Hollywood -- Despite some advances by women and minority writers, white male scribes disproportionately dominate film and TV jobs in Hollywood , according to a study released by the Writers Guild of America, West.
    More than 30 percent of the U.S. population is nonwhite, the study noted, yet minority writers accounted for less than 10 percent of employed television writers between 1999 and 2005. In film, the share of minority writers remained at 6 percent, unchanged since 1999, according to the sixth in a series of reports by the guild examining employment and earnings of its members.
    ''Little progress has been made,'' said the report's author, University of California , Los Angeles sociology Professor Darnell Hunt.
    What's more, he said, next year's numbers will likely be worse due to the recent merger of the UPN and WB networks into the new CW, which resulted in the canceling of several minority-themed shows
    Union officials released the latest findings hoping to influence hiring for the upcoming television season.
    ''The disturbing problem which underlies the need for this report is matched only by the disturbing lack of change that has been the industry's response,'' Guild leader Patric Verrone said.
    The earnings gap between minorities and white males working in film and television has steadily widened, with minority writers earning $83,334 in 2005, compared to $118,357 for white males.
    Women television writers, however, earned virtually the same as men in 2005, after an earnings gap of $10,000 in 2004. Nonetheless, the median income for female film writers was $40,000 less for males.
    While older writers earned the most, they are significantly underrepresented on show staffs, the report states.

6/1/07 Washington Post: "At Med Schools, a New Degree of Diversity: Classes Reflect A Foreign Flavor,"
by David Brown
    The six members of Medical Team 4 have a lot in common. Each wears a white coat, has a stethoscope for a necklace and has stayed up late this week. They can all start an IV and work up a solitary lung nodule.
    They share something less obvious, too. With one exception, none has a grandparent born in the United States.
    Med 4 at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northwest Washington is the new face of American medicine. Its members happen to come from Georgetown and George Washington universities, but the team is indistinguishable from similar groups of young doctors and doctors-to-be at many of the country's 125 medical schools.
    In the past 15 years, U.S. medicine has seen a huge influx of first- and second-generation immigrants. It follows and augments a different demographic trend that began 30 years ago with the acceptance of increasing numbers of women into medical schools. As a result of that earlier revolutionary change, half of new practitioners today are women.
    The Norman Rockwell-Marcus Welby image of the American doctor -- an avuncular white man, often in a bow tie -- is rapidly disappearing.
    From 1980 to 2004, the fraction of medical school graduates describing themselves as white fell from 85 percent to 64 percent. Over that same period, the percentage of Asians increased from 3 percent to 20 percent, with Indians and Chinese the two biggest ethnic groups.
    Counted in the "white" category, moreover, are a moderate number of ethnic Persians whose families fled the 1979 Iranian revolution, and a smaller number of more recent arrivals from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. In the "black" category is an unknown number of graduates whose families recently arrived from Africa, predominantly Nigerians and Ghanaians.
    "We are seeing more and more kids of foreign-born parents, especially in the last eight to 10 years. I don't think there is any doubt about it," said Milford M. Foxwell, a physician and dean of admissions at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. In his 18 years on the job, he has reviewed about 75,000 applications.
    Many forces are sketching this changing portrait of the American medical student. They include a general increase in immigration, a large influx of foreigners trained in scientific and technical professions, and a culture of educational achievement in communities of newly arrived immigrants that prepares their children for the competition and rigors of medical school.
    How -- or whether -- this trend will change the practice of medicine in this country is uncertain.
    There is a small amount of evidence that a diverse student body may be more attuned to disparities in medical care than a homogeneous one. A study published in 2004 found that black, Hispanic and Asian medical students (in descending order) are more likely than white ones to think that U.S. medicine often "treats people unfairly" based on race, ethnicity, insurance status, income or ability to speak English.
    In general, though, few are eager to touch on the implications of the new ethnic mix in medical schools. Officials at institutions as different as the University of Vermont and Howard University declined multiple requests to discuss, even anecdotally, the evolution of their student makeup.
    In the case of Med 4, its roots stretch to India (two students), Bangladesh (one), Austria (one) and Russia (one). The sole team member without a family narrative of recent arrival is African American.
    The door to the team's office at the VA hospital humorously telegraphs an awareness that the people inside the windowless warren of cubicles, computers, backpacks and water bottles are not quite a random sample of America. Someone has taped on it a page from the supermarket tabloid Weekly World News.
    "Your doctor could be an alien! They're working undercover!" shouts the headline. Under it is a photo of four masked-and-gowned physicians -- one with dark space-creature eyes -- gathered around a supine patient.
    Team 4's international coloration includes even its senior physician, Divya Shroff, an assistant professor of medicine at GW.
    Her father immigrated from India to study chemical engineering in graduate school, returned to India to marry, then came back to the United States with his bride. Shroff and her younger brother and sister grew up in the Chicago suburbs but spent three years in New Delhi in the 1980s. Her brother is also a physician, her sister an investment banker.
    "We were never forced into medicine," she said recently in her office at the VA hospital. "But in the Indian community in Chicago, everyone was a professional. Everyone was a doctor or an engineer."
    She went from high school into a program at the University of Missouri where students got both a bachelor's degree and a medical degree in six years. Of the 10 people in her group, "maybe one was Caucasian," she recalled. The majority were Indians.
    The culture of high expectation holds true for another South Asian on the team, resident Moneera Haque, who grew up in Bethesda with parents who immigrated from Bangladesh.
    Haque, 30, has a doctorate in social work along with her medical degree. She recently presented a paper on "racial differences in utilization of cardiac rehabilitation" at a scientific meeting in New Orleans and another paper at a conference in Amsterdam. Her brother is a neurosurgeon.
    In her household, the notion that education came first "was simply the way things were," Haque said while sipping a drink in a break room. "For me, that didn't seem like pressure." But she admitted she wasn't studying just for herself: "We have a sense of obligation to our parents to help them fulfill their dreams as well."
    Alexandra Langer, a third-year medical student at GW, traced a distinctly different path.
    Langer, 30, grew up in Yekaterinburg, in central Russia. Her father managed a pension fund, and her mother was a police officer. As a high school student, she aspired to become a doctor, but her parents talked her out of it.
    "In Russia, doctors are much lower status than here," she said. "And they are very low-paid."
    So at 18 she left home and moved to Prague, where she studied Czech, English and international relations, but she never really gave up her original idea. She married an American, moved to the United States, graduated from college in North Carolina and got into medical school.
    "It seems like a very, very long time," she said. "But it's worth it."
    Although the Association of American Medical Colleges asks all medical school applicants and matriculants to describe their race and ethnicity in general terms, there is little published information about national background and none about family history. Anecdotes, however, suggest that immigrants' children are more likely to attend schools on both coasts.
    S. Balasubramaniam, a surgeon at Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science in Los Angeles who emigrated from India in 1971, recently queried 50 medical schools and calculated that 12 percent of the class that entered in 2006 is of Indian heritage. The highest percentages are in California, Texas, New York, New Jersey and New England.
    Na Shen, 25, a second-year medical student at Maryland who was born in Shanghai, calculated that 12 percent of her school's students are from China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan, and 1 percent from Southeast Asia. When South Asians are included, the Asian portion of the school rises to 21 percent.
    In contrast, University of Kansas medical school students since 1996 have consistently run about 10 percent "either born overseas or of parents who were born overseas," said Glendon Cox, the vice dean.
    The most recent arrivals -- Africans -- are the hardest to quantify.
    Morehouse School of Medicine, in Atlanta, has 12 students born in Africa out of about 210 in the M.D. program. Meharry Medical College, another historically black institution, in the past eight years has had an average of two foreigners per year in its incoming classes of about 60. It has no data, however, on students with recent ties to Africa who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Howard, the third historically black medical school, did not provide information when asked.
    A half-dozen people at the Student National Medical Association -- the main U.S. organization of black medical students -- did not respond to inquiries.
    Lauree Thomas, an African American physician who is associate dean for admissions at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, estimated that "20 to 30 percent of the black applicant pool" at her school is students who were born in Nigeria, or of Nigerian parents. Foxwell, the Maryland dean, estimates that close to half the black students there have recent ties to Africa.
    This is a touchy subject in the black medical community.
    Albert Morris Jr., a diagnostic radiologist in Memphis who is president of the predominantly black National Medical Association, said he recently talked to black students at Pennsylvania State University's medical school in Hershey. Afterward, several took him aside and quietly complained about the rising number of Africans.
    "It was a big topic -- that people were coming in and getting slots that they thought should be going to African Americans," he recalled.
    Blacks constitute about 13 percent of the U.S. population, but only 4 percent of U.S. doctors. There has been much effort in the last two decades to remedy this imbalance. Morris, a graduate of Howard, said he understands the students' sensitivities.
    "We are happy to see doctors who are ready to treat minority populations, no matter their nationality," said Morris, 56. "But we want to make sure that those of us who have helped open the doors [to medical school for blacks] get to share in the bounty."